- Indicate the population that a given sample might represent.
- Define three sampling problems that lead to biased samples.
- Explain why a random sample is more likely to be a representative sample and why representative samples have external validity to a particular population.
- Explain five techniques for random sampling: simple random sampling, multistage sampling, cluster sampling, stratified random sampling, and oversampling.
- Describe three techniques of nonrandom sampling: purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and snowball sampling.
- Explain why representative samples may be especially important for many frequency claims.
- Consider times when an unrepresentative sample may be appropriate for a frequency claim.
- Explain why it is more important to ask how a sample was collected rather than how large it is
