1. Philosophically, how might we critically assess the strength of Sumner’s argument for relativism? E.g., Is his argument sound? Is it strong? (Soundness applies to deductively valid arguments, while strength applies to non-deductive arguments. See your handout on BB, “Critical and Moral Reasoning” for more details). If you agree with his argument, state why you share his view. If you disagree with his argument, please share your reasoned opinion for this too.
2. How might Shaw’s main argument regarding moral objectivity help you respond to a future professional situation involving ethical subjectivism or relativism, so that you may offer leadership in matters that require cultural sensitivity and respect for all persons, including, for example your future clients/patients. State the situation in which you may find yourself clearly to contextual the situation for the class.
Answer 3 AND 4
3. How should providers treat and respect the autonomy of patients when their patients are children and/or when their patients do not value science, let alone autonomy, in the way that Western medicine expects?
4. Risk taking likely has a cultural component. Please reflect on the incredible risks many of us believe are quite reasonable to take as part of “the standard of care” today. However, some patients may feel that they are “letting down their doctors or nurses” or not being “courageous” when they choose, for example, to not undergo some types of surgery or decline extremely noxious forms of chemotherapy.
From your experience, is there great pressure on patients to conform to the dominant view of risk taking and take risks as their healthcare providers propose with their quality of life/treatment and try experimental drugs, noxious therapies or invasive surgeries? How would you respond to this as a medical professional if you witnessed this subtle form of pressure firsthand?
