10. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition? a. Appendicitis symptoms: severe RLQ pain and tenderness, McBurney’s Point tenderness, NN/D, fever
11. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. Review complications of liver disease such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and esophageal varices. How are esophageal varices managed/treated? a. Liver disease symptoms: jaundice, low albumin, vitamin D, and K, decrease clotting factors, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and confusion due to too much ammonia, hepatitis, b. Hepatic encephalopathy- Complex neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia, Signs and symptoms: Dementia,Psychotic symptomsAsterixis “liver flap” (classic sign)Spastic jerking of hands held in forced extension, confusion and lethagy to stupor and coma c. Esophageal varices is a complication of viral or alcoholic hepatitis caused by obstructed blood flow through the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestine and spleen to the liver. Treatment: Reduce portal hypertension, banding of varices to prevent rupturing and bleeding
12. What role does albumin play in the blood? What happens to albumin production with liver failure? a. helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn’t leak into other tissues b. hypoalbuminemia occurs with liver failure,
13. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders? a. Kidneys excrete waste from fluid and eliminate waste, regulate blood pH, ion concentrations, and blood volume b. Disorders are assessed by UA (blood urea nitrlogen levels, creatinine) GFR
14. What is polycystic kidney disease? What causes this condition? a. polycystic kidney disease -fluid filled cyst in kidneys b. congenital condition ; recessive and dominant forms
15. Review the following terms: nephrons, hematuria, proteinuria, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, cystitis
16. Review signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Review causes of AKI including prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Know examples of each type of injury. a. acute kidney injury (AKI) symptoms- retention of nitrogen waste products, disruptions in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances, increased serum creatinine, decreased GFR b. Prerenal causes- affect renal perfusion (Hypovolemia, hypotension, renal artery obstruction, heart failure) c. Postrenal causes- disruption in urine flow distal to kidney (renal stones, tumors, prostatic hypertrophy, d. intrarenal causes-dysfunction of nephron and kidney itself (damaged renal tubes which can lead to acute tubular necrosis, reduced blood supply, renal inflammation, toxic injury like chemotherapy, prolonged post renal failure,
17. What is compartment syndrome? Why does it occur and what are the signs? Remember the 5 P’s a. Compartment syndrome is a dangerous complication to injury to the soft tissue. Edema causes increased pressure within the compartment which is restricted by underlying fascia. if pressure is not reduced tissue necrosis occurs. b. pain, paralysis, paresthesias, pulselessness, and pallor.
18. What are pressure ulcers? How are they staged and how can we prevent them? a. localized areas of necrosis prolonged pressure between body prominence and external object like bed and wheelchair , staged by skins loss and exposure of tissue thickness, prevention: turning and adjusting patient’s position
19. What are electrolyte reservoirs? What electrolytes are found stored in bones? a. Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus
20. Review diseases of the bone including: osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, osteomalacia, rickets, and osteoporosis a. osteomyelitis- pyogenic infection of the bone and local tissue. b. osteosarcoma- bone cancer- bone tumor c. osteoporosis- rate of bone resorption is greater than bone formation, light, fragile, porosu bones d. osteomalacia/rickets- deficiency in vitamin D and calcium. softening of bones
21. Review disorders of the joints including: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout. Know causes and signs/symptoms for each.
