1. In normal everyday speech, many Americans pronounce some words containing /t/ or /d/ with a sound that is called alveolar flap (or tap). This is symbolised as [ɾ]. Using the American English data below, work out the rule that determines whether or not /t/ or /d/ become [ɾ] and briefly comment on how you arrived at this answer. It is a good idea to use data examples to support your comment.
writer [raɪɾər]
write [raɪt]
winter [wɪntər]
time [taɪm]
shelter [ʃeltər]
hit Ann [hɪɾ æn]
hit me [hɪt mi:]
said Ann [seɾ æn]
dime [dɑɪm]
said Bob [sed bɑb]
2. Young children’s pronunciations often show a variety of rule-governed simplifications. One common process is called consonant cluster reduction, where the child simplifies a cluster of 2 consecutive consonants by deleting one of the consonants e.g. spit where [spɪt] → [pɪt]
a. Using the data below, work out the rule that this child is following for consonant clusters with /l/ and /r/.
b. Predict this child’s pronunciation of blue, flag and shrub.
Adult form Child’s form
slug [slʌg] [lʌg]
three [θri:] [ri:]
frog [frɒg] [rɒg]
clap [klæp] [kæp]
brick [brɪk] [bɪk]
Please [pli:z] [pi:z]
tree [tri:] [ti:]
flip [flɪp] [lɪp]
2. It is extremely likely that you will only need 1 page to complete this work.
3. Use double line spacing and font size 12. These guidelines use both.
4. You should not include a bibliography,
This has to be a phonological analysis and NOT etymological,
Use David Crystal as a reference
